|
Español
201 |
Prof.
Castrillejo
|
Formación
del pesente de subjuntivo |
1.
Introduction: general things about the subjunctive
The
two main verbal moods in Spanish are the indicative and the subjunctive.
The
indicative
mood relates or describes something factual, that is, something that the
speaker considers is certain. The indicative mood is thus related to objectivity.
The
subjunctive
mood expresses emotions, doubts, judgment, or uncertainty about an
action. The subjunctive mood is thus related to subjectivity.
Example:
Mi prima tiene
razón cuando dice que su carro es mejor que el mío.
(There is certainty from the point of view of the speaker).
Quizás mi prima tenga
razón cuando dice que su carro es mejor que el mío.
(There
is uncertainty, doubt from the point of view of the speaker).
Important
things to remember about the subjunctive:
The subjunctive is a verbal
mood.
You
don’t have to mix up verbal mood and verbal tense. A verbal mood is a way of
meaning of the verb. Each verbal mood can have several tenses ( present,
imperfect, preterit, future etc..)
The subjunctive
mood expresses is the mood to express
subjectivity and uncertainty.
2.
Formation of the present subjunctive
REGULAR VERBS
To form the present subjunctive of all regular and
most irregular verbs, drop the – o
ending of the first-person singular form of the present indicative and add the
present subjunctive endings. Note
that the endings of –ar verbs all
share the vowel e, whereas the
endings of –er and –ir verbs all share the vowel –a.
|
|
-AR VERBS |
-ER VERBS |
-IR VERBS |
|
|
Cantar
|
Aprender |
Vivir |
|
yo |
cante |
aprenda |
viva |
|
tú |
cantes |
aprendas |
vivas |
|
Ud./
él/ ella |
cante |
aprenda |
viva |
|
nosotros |
cantemos |
aprendamos |
vivamos |
|
Uds./ellos
/ellas |
canten |
aprendan |
vivan |
Most verbs that have an irregular stem in the first-person singular form
in the present indicative maintain tha same irregularity in all forms of the
present subjunctive. ( Verbs like decir, hacer, influir, conocer, tener).
IRREGULAR VERBS
a.
Stem-changing verbs
Stem-changing –ar
and –er verbs have the
same stem changes in the present subjunctive as in the present indicative. All
forms change except nosotros and vosotros.
|
|
-AR VERBS |
-ER VERBS |
|
|
e-- ei
|
o--ue |
|
|
Pensar
|
Volver |
|
yo |
piense |
vuelva |
|
tú |
pienses |
vuelvas |
|
Ud./
él/ ella |
piense |
vuelva |
|
nosotros |
pensemos |
volvamos |
|
Uds./ellos
/ellas |
piensen |
vuelvan |
Stem-changing –ir verbs have the same stem changes as in the present
indicative, except the nosotros and vosotros
forms have an additional change.
|
|
-IR VERBS |
||
|
|
e-- ei, i
|
o—ue,u |
e—i,i |
|
|
Mentir
|
Dormir |
Pedir |
|
yo |
mienta |
duerma |
pida |
|
tú |
mientas |
duermas |
pidas |
|
Ud./
él/ ella |
mienta |
duerma |
pida |
|
nosotros |
mintamos |
durmamos |
pidamos |
|
Uds./ellos
/ellas |
mientan |
duerman |
pidan |
b.
Verbs with spelling changes.
Some verbs require a spelling change to maintain the
pronunciation of the stem.
Verbs ending
in -car, -gar, -guar and -zar
have a spelling change in all persons.
|
Spelling
change |
Infinitive |
Present
subjunctive |
|
c--qu |
sacar |
saque,
saques, saque, saquemos, saquen |
|
g--gu |
pagar |
pague,
pagues, pague, paguemos, paguen |
|
u--ü |
averiguar |
averigüe,
averigües, averigüe, averigüemos, avrigüen |
|
z--c |
alcanzar |
Alcance,
alcances, alcance, alcancemos, alcancen |
c.
Irregular verbs
The following six verbs are irregular in the present
subjunctive. Note the accent marks
on some forms of dar and estar.
|
|
Haber |
Ir |
Saber
|
Ser |
Dar |
Estar |
|
yo |
haya |
vaya |
sepa |
sea |
dé |
esté |
|
tú |
hayas |
vayas |
sepas |
seas |
des |
estés |
|
Ud./
él/ ella |
haya |
vaya |
sepa |
sea |
dé |
esté |
|
nosotros |
hayamos |
vayamos |
sepamos |
seamos |
demos |
estemos |
|
Uds./ellos
/ellas |
hayan |
vayan |
sepan |
sean |
den |
estén |